Large, high-voltage rechargeable battery systems are now common sources of power in applications ranging from electric vehicles to power grid load leveling systems. These large battery stacks are ...

How do you charge and discharge lithium cells connected in series? It's not easy. If you choose to design the circuitry to monitor each cell's voltage, charge current, and discharge current, the ...

Even small objects, such as dust and leaves, can block sunlight from reaching solar cells, and understanding how the loss of incoming radiation affects power output is essential for optimizing ...

Studies on the impact of panel shading on PV system output have long focused on large modules. Now, Chinese researchers are shifting the focus to single cells and two cells connected in series or in ...

Ultracapacitors have a relatively low operating voltage so multiple cells must be connected in series to allow higher operating voltages. Now, a flat ultracapacitor enables smaller size ...