A plant cell wall is arranged in layers and contains cellulose microfibrils, hemicellulose, pectin, lignin, and soluble protein. These components are organized into three major layers: the primary ...

Just like in yeast and animal cells, vacuoles in plants are responsible for breaking down unwanted cellular components. At ...

One of the most fundamental differences between animal and plant cells is the cell wall—a rigid structure surrounding the plant cells. The cell wall provides strength and structural support, but it ...

Essentials of Biology is a non-majors general biology course without a laboratory. The topics that will be covered include biological molecules, cell structure and function, cellular metabolism, cell ...

Nitric oxide (NO) is one of only a handful of gaseous signalling molecules. Its discovery as the endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) by Ignarro revolutionized how NO and cognate reactive ...

Directed evolution is a laboratory technique that mimics natural selection and allows scientists to evolve genes and the ...

Researchers have developed artificial cell-like structures using inorganic matter that autonomously ingest, process, and push out material - recreating an essential function of living cells. Their ...

Scientists have discovered a novel biochemical mechanism explaining how immune proteins defend plants against invading microorganisms. Scientists from the Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ...

Dedication -- Foreword / Bruce Budowle -- Acknowledgements -- The editor -- Contributors -- Chap. 1. Introduction to forensic botany / Heather Miller Coyle -- Chap. 2. Basic plant biology / Heather ...