Research into ionospheric wave generation and modulation has significantly enhanced our understanding of the upper atmosphere’s dynamic behaviour. Ionospheric waves arise from the interplay between ...

Electromagnetic energy in the terahertz region of the spectrum – nominally 300 GHz/0.3 THz to 10 THz, although some consider it to start at 100 GHz/0.1 THz – presents a technical dilemma. On one hand, ...

Modulation is the process of varying a higher frequency carrier wave to transmit information. Though it is theoretically possible to transmit baseband signals (or information) without modulating it, ...

What is duty cycle? Duty cycle is defined by the percentage of high voltage duration in a complete digital pulse. If the duty cycle is 50%, then it will remain on for exact half the duration of the ...